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Sarcoids

Sarcoids are growths on the skin of horses and are a form of tumour. Thankfully they do not spread to other organs but they are locally invasive and can spread to other parts of the body. There are a few different types of sarcoid including verrucose, nodular, occult, fibroblastic, mixed and malignant. A horse can have multiple different types of sarcoid in one region or in different regions over the body.

Symptoms

A sarcoid can look like a lump or bald patch which may be scaly and could be mistaken for ringworm or other skin conditions. Occasionally sarcoids grow in wounds and can be mistaken for proud flesh. Sarcoids can grow anywhere on the body but are most commonly found in the axillae (armpits), inner thighs, on the belly and on the face.

Causes

Sarcoids are an area of interest in equine research and yet we still do not fully understand them. There is some evidence of a genetic link which is an important consideration when breeding. Bovine papilloma virus has also been associated with sarcoids and there is a theory that this may be transmitted by flies although it has not been proven.

Diagnosis

Physical examination alone is often sufficient due to the classic nature of most sarcoids. However, some lumps may not look classic and require a biopsy to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment

There are a few options, and the right treatment will depend on the type and location of the sarcoid as well as individual circumstances of the owner and horse. The options include:

• AW5 cream – this is a prescription only chemotherapy cream which must be applied by a vet and sometimes needs to be applied under sedation. There are different strengths, and an individual protocol is made for the horse based on the type of sarcoid under guidance of a specialist.
• Laser surgery – removal of the sarcoids via surgery using a laser.
• Injections of products into the sarcoids – BCG, Cysplatin or Mitomycin C are some examples.
• Banding – application of a tight band or suture around the base of the sarcoid to cut off the blood supply until it drops off.
• Non-prescription creams – blood root ointment for example can be purchased and applied by the owner.

Prognosis

Most sarcoids respond well to treatment but they can fail to respond, recur, or new lesions can develop in new sites in the future. We know that every failed attempt at treatment reduces the long-term prognosis so it is worth seeking specialist help to make the best plan from the start for the best results.